Key references for Psychotropic, version 6

The key references for Psychotropic, version 6 are listed below according to chapter and topic. These build on the key references for Psychology, version 5.

Getting to know your drugs

Pertinent practical points

Anxiety and associated disorders

Sleep disorders

Mood disorders

Schizophrenia and related psychoses

Behavioural emergencies

Delirium

Dementia

Substance use disorders

Personality disorders

Eating disorders

Disorders usually first diagnosed in childhood and adolescence

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Getting to know your psychotropic drugs

Information for healthcare professionals: suicidal behavior and ideation and antiepileptic drugs. FDA Alert 2008;(Jan).	[URL]
Medicines and QT prolongation. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2005;24(6):22.

Antidepressants

Antidepressant use in children, adolescents, and adults [FDA drug information]. FDA drug information. US Food and Drug Administration; Accessed: 6 June: 2008.	[URL]
Desvenlafaxine for depression. The Medical Letter 2008;50(1286):37-8.
Duloxetine (cymbalta): a new SNRI for depression. The Medical Letter 2004;46(1193):81-2.
Escitalopram (Lexapro) for major depressive disorder. NPS Radar 2004; (February).	[URL]
Frequency (%) of adverse reactions to cyclic antidepressants at therapeutic doses. In: Bezchlinyk-Butler KZ, Jeffries JJ, Virani AS, editors. Clinical handbook of psychotropic drugs. 17th ed. Ashland, Ohio: Hogrefe & Huber; 2007. p. 61-2.
Frequency (%) of adverse reactions to MAOI antidepressants at therapeutic doses. In: Bezchlinyk-Butler KZ, Jeffries JJ, Virani AS, editors. Clinical handbook of psychotropic drugs. 17th ed. Ashland, Ohio: Hogrefe and Huber; 2007. p. 63.
Hyponatraemia with SSRIs. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2003;22(3):9-10.	[URL]
Mirtazapine and blood dyscrasias. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2007;26(3):10.	[URL]
New drugs: Duloxetine. Aust Prescr 2008;31(3):80.	[URL]
SSRI antidepressants in children and adolescents. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2004;23(2):8.	[URL]
SSRIs and osteoporosis. The Medical Letter 2007;49(1274):95.
Suicidality with SSRIs: adults and children. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2005;24(4):14.	[URL]
Baxter K, editor. Stockley's Drug Interactions. 7th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2006.
Brent D. Antidepressants and suicidal behavior: cause or cure? Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(7):989-91.
DeMartinis NA, Yeung PP, Entsuah R, Manley AL. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of desvenlafaxine succinate in the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(5):677-88.
Deshauer D, Moher D, Fergusson D, Moher E, Sampson M, Grimshaw J. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for unipolar depression: a systematic review of classic long-term randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 2008;178(10):1293-301.
Diem SJ, Blackwell TL, Stone KL, Yaffe K, Haney EM, Bliziotes MM, et al. Use of antidepressants and rates of hip bone loss in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(12):1240-5.
Friedman RA, Leon AC. Expanding the black box - depression, antidepressants, and the risk of suicide. N Engl J Med 2007;356(23):2343-6.
Gardner DM, Shulman KI, Walker SE, Tailor SA. The making of a user friendly MAOI diet. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(3):99-104.
Gelenberg AJ. Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq). Biol Ther Psychiatr 2008;31(6):21-2.
Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, Marcus SM, Bhaumik DK, Mann JJ. Relationship between antidepressants and suicide attempts: an analysis of the Veterans Health Administration data sets. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(7):1044-9.
Gillman PK. A review of serotonin toxicity data: implications for the mechanisms of antidepressant drug action. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59(11):1046-51.
Haney EM, Chan BK, Diem SJ, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Association of low bone mineral density with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use by older men. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(12):1246-51.
Isbister GK, Buckley NA, Whyte IM. Serotonin toxicity: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Med J Aust 2007;187(6):361-5.
Jacob S, Spinler SA. Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40(9):1618-22.
Liebowitz MR, Yeung PP, Entsuah R. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of desvenlafaxine succinate in adult outpatients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(11):1663-72.
Rothschild AJ. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: efficacy of a drug holiday. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152(10):1514-6.
Saag K. Mend the mind, but mind the bones! balancing benefits and potential skeletal risks of serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(12):1231-2.
Septien-Velez L, Pitrosky B, Padmanabhan SK, Germain JM, Tourian KA. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of desvenlafaxine succinate in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;22(6):338-47.

Drugs used in bipolar disorder

Information on Carbamazepine (marketed as Carbatrol, Equetro, Tegretol, and generics) with FDA Alerts. FDA Alert. US Food and Drug Administration; Accessed: 18 Feb: 2010.	[URL]
Genetic test for carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The Medical Letter 2008;50(1284):32.
Bendz H, Sjodin I, Toss G, Berglund K. Hyperparathyroidism and long-term lithium therapy--a cross-sectional study and the effect of lithium withdrawal. J Intern Med 1996;240(6):357-65.

Anxiolytics and hypnotics

FDA requests label change for all sleep disorder drug products FDA press release 2007;(5 June).	[URL]
Zolpidem ("Stilnox") - updated information - February 2008: TGA Alert; 2008 21 February.	[URL]
Zolpidem (including Stilnox brand). NPS Fact Sheet 2008(February).	[URL]
Zolpidem and bizarre sleep related effects. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2007;26(1):2-3.	[URL]

Antipsychotic drugs

Aripiprazole (Abilify) for schizophrenia. The Medical Letter 2003;45:15-6.
Aripiprazole (Abilify) for schizophrenia. NPS Radar 2004(April).	[URL]
Aripiprazole and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2007;26(2):2.	[URL]
Atypical antipsychotic agents and extrapyramidal side effects. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2007;26(4):15.	[URL]
Atypical antipsychotics and hyperglycaemia. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2004;23(3):11-2.
Clozapine and myocarditis. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2007;26(3):10.
Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(2):267-72.
Frequency (%) of adverse reactions to antipsychotics at therapeutic doses. In: Bezchlinyk-Butler KZ, Jeffries JJ, Virani AS, editors. Clinical handbook of psychotropic drugs. 17th ed. Ashland, Ohio: Hogrefe and Huber; 2007. p. 119-20.
Haloperidol (marketed as Haldol, Haldol decanoate and Haldol lactate). FDA Alert 2007;(Sept).	[URL]
How safe are antipsychotics in dementia? Drug Ther Bull 2007;45(11):81-5.
Paliperidone (invega) for schizophrenia. NPS Radar 2008(April):11-3.	[URL]
Paliperidone (Invega) for schizophrenia. The Medical Letter 2007;49(1256):21-3.
Second-generation antipsychotics - aripiprazole revisited. The Medical Letter 2005;47(1219):81-2.
What's 'atypical' about the newer antipsychotics? NPS News 2007:(51).	[URL]
Ziprasidone (Geodon) for schizophrenia. The Medical Letter 2001;43:51-3.
Byerly M, Suppes T, Tran QV, Baker RA. Clinical implications of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar spectrum disorders: recent developments and current perspectives. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2007;27(6):639-61.
Carr V. Are atypical antipsychotics advantageous? - the case against. Aust Prescr 2004;27(6):149-51.	[URL]
Ellis PM, McLean RM, Harrison-Woolrych M. Clozapine: 'fatal constipation' more common than fatal agranulocytosis. Prescriber Updates 2007(28 (1)):7.	[URL]
Gardner DM, Baldessarini RJ, Waraich P. Modern antipsychotic drugs: a critical overview. CMAJ 2005;172(13):1703-11.
Greenberg WM, Citrome L. Ziprasidone for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the clinical trials. CNS Drug Rev 2007;13(2):137-77.
Howard L, Kirkwood G, Leese M. Risk of hip fracture in patients with a history of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190:129-34.
Keks NA. Are atypical antipsychotics advantageous? - the case for. Aust Prescr 2004;27(6):146-9.	[URL]
Kroon LA. Drug interactions with smoking. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007;64(18):1917-21.
Lambert TJ, Chapman LH. Diabetes, psychotic disorders and antipsychotic therapy: a consensus statement. Med J Aust 2004;181(10):544-8.
Leucht S, Pitschel-Walz G, Engel RR, Kissling W. Amisulpride, an unusual "atypical" antipsychotic: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(2):180-90.
Liperoti R, Onder G, Lapane KL, Mor V, Friedman JH, Bernabei R, et al. Conventional or atypical antipsychotics and the risk of femur fracture among elderly patients: results of a case-control study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(6):929-34.
Marder SR, Essock SM, Miller AL, Buchanan RW, Casey DE, Davis JM, et al. Physical health monitoring of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161(8):1334-49.
Marder SR, McQuade RD, Stock E, Kaplita S, Marcus R, Safferman AZ, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia: safety and tolerability in short-term, placebo-controlled trials. Schizophr Res 2003;61(2-3):123-36.
Newcomer JW. Metabolic considerations in the use of antipsychotic medications: a review of recent evidence. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68 Suppl 1:20-7.
Schneeweiss S, Setoguchi S, Brookhart A, Dormuth C, Wang PS. Risk of death associated with the use of conventional versus atypical antipsychotic drugs among elderly patients. CMAJ 2007;176(5):627-32.
Sharma ND, Rosman HS, Padhi ID, Tisdale JE. Torsades de Pointes associated with intravenous haloperidol in critically ill patients. Am J Cardiol 1998;81(2):238-40.
Takkouche B, Montes-Martinez A, Gill SS, Etminan M. Psychotropic medications and the risk of fracture: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf 2007;30(2):171-84.

Drugs used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Atomoxetine (Strattera) for ADHD. The Medical Letter 2003;45(1149):11-3.
Atomoxetine (Strattera) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. NPS Radar 2007(July).	[URL]
Atomoxetine (Strattera) revisited. The Medical Letter 2004;46(1189):65.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. NPS Radar 2005(August).	[URL]

Drugs used in substance use disorders

Acamprosate (Campral) for alcoholism. The Medical Letter 2005;47(1199):1-3.
Sullivan LE, Fiellin DA. Narrative review: buprenorphine for opioid-dependent patients in office practice. Ann Intern Med 2008;148(9):662-70.

Drugs used in dementia

Drugs for cognitive loss and dementia. Treatment Guidelines from The Medical Letter 2007;5(54):9-14.
A rivastigmine patch for dementia. The Medical Letter 2008;50(1282):21-2.
Moellentin D, Picone C, Leadbetter E. Memantine-induced myoclonus and delirium exacerbated by trimethoprim. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42(3):443-7.

Other drugs used in psychiatric illnesses

Modafinil (marketed as Provigil) serious skin reactions. Postmarketing Reviews [FDA] 2007;1(1).	[URL]
Dierks MR, Jordan JK, Sheehan AH. Prazosin treatment of nightmares related to posttraumatic stress disorder. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41(6):1013-7.

Pertinent practical points

Patient issues with psychiatric treatment

Depression, antidepressants and heart disease. Drug Ther Bull 2008;46(4):29-32.
Ashley C, Currie A, editors. The renal drug handbook. 2nd ed. Oxon, UK: Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd.; 2004.
Cami J, Farre M. Drug addiction. N Engl J Med 2003;349(10):975-86.
Cervelli MJ, editor. The Renal Drug Reference Guide. 1st ed. Adelaide: Ian Nucci Design; 2007.
Curran S, de Pauw K. Selecting an antidepressant for use in a patient with epilepsy. Safety considerations. Drug Saf 1998;18(2):125-33.
Davies SJ, Jackson PR, Potokar J, Nutt DJ. Treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders in patients with cardiovascular disease. BMJ 2004;328(7445):939-43.
Faull R, Lee L. Prescribing in renal disease. Aust Prescr 2007;30(1):17-20.	[URL]
Hudson TJ, Owen RR, Thrush CR, Armitage TL, Thapa P. Guideline implementation and patient-tailoring strategies to improve medication adherence for schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69(1):74-80.
Keks NA, Hope J. Long-term management of people with psychotic disorders in the community. Aust Prescr 2007;30(2):44-6.	[URL]
Lustman PJ, Clouse RE. Depression in diabetic patients: the relationship between mood and glycemic control. J Diabetes Complications 2005;19(2):113-22.
Newcomer JW. Antipsychotic medications: metabolic and cardiovascular risk. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68 Suppl 4:8-13.
O'Brien CP. Drug addiction and drug abuse. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL, editors. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006. p. 607-12.
Ramaswamy K, Masand PS, Nasrallah HA. Do certain atypical antipsychotics increase the risk of diabetes? A critical review of 17 pharmacoepidemiologic studies. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2006;18(3):183-94.

Other therapies for psychiatric illness

Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence 2006.	[URL]
Andrews G, Creamer M, Crino R, Hunt C, Lampe L, Page A. The treatment of anxiety disorders: clinicians guides and patient manuals. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2003.
Hawton K, Salkovskis PM, Kirk J, Clark DM. Cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric problems: a practical guide. 1st ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989.
Tiller JWG. Cognitive behaviour therapy in medical practice. Aust Prescr 2001;24(2):33-7.	[URL]
Tiller JWG, Lyndon RW, editors. Electroconvulsive therapy: an Australasian guide. Melbourne: Australian Postgraduate Medicine; 2003.
Weissman MM, Markowitz JC, Klerman GL. Comprehensive guide to interpersonal psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books; 2000.

Anxiety and associated disorders

Craske MG, Barlow DH. Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic: Therapist Guide. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Anxiety (amended): management of anxiety (panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, and generalised anxiety disorder) in adults in primary, secondary and community care. 2007.

Generalised anxiety disorder

Chessick CA, Allen MH, Thase M, Batista Miralha da Cunha AB, Kapczinski FF, de Lima MS, et al. Azapirones for generalized anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;3:CD006115.
Kapczinski F, Lima MS, Souza JS, Schmitt R. Antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003(2):CD003592.

Panic disorder

Drug treatment of panic disorder. Comparative efficacy of alprazolam, imipramine, and placebo. Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study, Second Phase Investigators. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:191-202; discussion -5.
Barlow D, Craske M. Mastery of Your Anxiety and Panic (MAP 11). 2nd ed. Albany, NY: Graywind Publications; 1994.
Tesar GE, Rosenbaum JF, Pollack MH, Otto MW, Sachs GS, Herman JB, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of clonazepam and alprazolam for panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1991;52(2):69-76.

Obsessive compulsive disorder

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Core interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2005 November.

[URL]

Post traumatic stress disorder

Australian Guidelines for the Treatment of Adults with Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Melbourne: Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health; 2007 February.	[URL]
Management of post-traumatic stress disorder in adults in primary, secondary and community care. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2005 March.	[URL]
Akuchekian SA, S. Comparison of topiramate and placebo in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A randomised. double-blind study. Journal of research in medical science 2004.
Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Hoff DJ, Hart KL, Holmes HA, Warren D, et al. A parallel group placebo controlled study of prazosin for trauma nightmares and sleep disturbance in combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61(8):928-34.
Shalev AY, Segman RH. Commentary: biological findings in PTSD -- too much or too little? Prog Brain Res 2008;167:187-99.
Shalev AY, Videlock EJ, Peleg T, Segman R, Pitman RK, Yehuda R. Stress hormones and post-traumatic stress disorder in civilian trauma victims: a longitudinal study. Part I: HPA axis responses. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;11(3):365-72.
Stein DJ, Ipser JC, Seedat S. Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(1):CD002795.
Stein MB, Kline NA, Matloff JL. Adjunctive olanzapine for SSRI-resistant combat-related PTSD: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(10):1777-9.
Videlock EJ, Peleg T, Segman R, Yehuda R, Pitman RK, Shalev AY. Stress hormones and post-traumatic stress disorder in civilian trauma victims: a longitudinal study. Part II: the adrenergic response. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;11(3):373-80.

Phobic disorders

Davidson JR, Potts N, Richichi E, Krishnan R, Ford SM, Smith R, et al. Treatment of social phobia with clonazepam and placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;13(6):423-8.

Sleep disorders

Morgenthaler TI, Lee-Chiong T, Alessi C, Friedman L, Aurora RN, Boehlecke B, et al. Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Sleep 2007;30(11):1445-59.

Insomnia

Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zoplicone for the short-term management of insomnia. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2004 April.	[URL]
Pigeon WR, Hegel M, Unutzer J, Fan MY, Sateia MJ, Lyness JM, et al. Is insomnia a perpetuating factor for late-life depression in the IMPACT cohort? Sleep 2008;31(4):481-8.
Taylor DJ. Insomnia and depression. Sleep 2008;31(4):447-8.
Tiller JWG. The management of insomnia: an update. Aust Prescr 2003;26(4):78-81.	[URL]
Woodward MC. Managing insomnia in older people. J Pharmacy Practice and Research 2007;37(3):236-41.

Sleepiness

Oertel WH, Trenkwalder C, Zucconi M, Benes H, Borreguero DG, Bassetti C, et al. State of the art in restless legs syndrome therapy: practice recommendations for treating restless legs syndrome. Movement Disorders 2007;22, Suppl 18:S466-75.

Jet lag

Buscemi N, Vandermeer B, Hooton N, Pandya R, Tjosvold L, Hartling L, et al. Efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for secondary sleep disorders and sleep disorders accompanying sleep restriction: meta-analysis. BMJ 2006;332(7538):385-93.
Daurat A, Benoit O, Buguet A. Effects of zopiclone on the rest/activity rhythm after a westward flight across five time zones. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2000;149(3):241-5.
Waterhouse J, Reilly T, Atkinson G, Edwards B. Jet lag: trends and coping strategies. Lancet 2007;369(9567):1117-29.

Mood disorders

Depression

Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2007.	[URL]
Assessment and Management of People at Risk of Suicide. Wellington: New Zealand Guidelines Group; 2003 May.	[URL]
Managing depression in primary care. NPS News 2005(42).	[URL]
Managing depression in primary care. NPS Prescribing Practice Review 2005;(32).	[URL]
Postnatal depression and puerperal psychosis. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; 2002 June.	[URL]
Cipriani A, Smith K, Burgess S, Carney S, Goodwin G, Geddes J. Lithium versus antidepressants in the long-term treatment of unipolar affective disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(4):CD003492.
Dodd S, Horgan D, Malhi GS, Berk M. To combine or not to combine? A literature review of antidepressant combination therapy. J Affect Disord 2005;89(1-3):1-11.
Ellis PM, Smith DA. Treating depression: the beyondblue guidelines for treating depression in primary care. "Not so much what you do but that you keep doing it". Med J Aust 2002;176 Suppl:S77-83.
Howell C, Wilson AD, Waring WS. Cardiovascular toxicity due to venlafaxine poisoning in adults: a review of 235 consecutive cases. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;64(2):192-7.
Jorm AF, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Rodgers B. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for depression. Med J Aust 2002;176 Suppl:S84-96.
Keks NA, Burrows GD, Copolov DL, Newton R, Paoletti N, Schweitzer I, et al. Beyond the evidence: is there a place for antidepressant combinations in the pharmacotherapy of depression? Med J Aust 2007;186(3):142-4.
Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med 2008;5(2):e45.
Papakostas GI, Thase ME, Fava M, Nelson JC, Shelton RC. Are antidepressant drugs that combine serotonergic and noradrenergic mechanisms of action more effective than the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treating major depressive disorder? A meta-analysis of studies of newer agents. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62(11):1217-27.
Ruhe HG, Huyser J, Swinkels JA, Schene AH. Dose escalation for insufficient response to standard-dose selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depressive disorder: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2006;189:309-16.
Rush AJ. STAR*D: what have we learned? Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(2):201-4.
Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Stewart JW, Warden D, et al. Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(11):1905-17.
Turner EH, Rosenthal R. Efficacy of antidepressants. BMJ 2008;336(7643):516-7.
Warden D, Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Fava M, Wisniewski SR. The STAR*D Project results: a comprehensive review of findings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007;9(6):449-59.
Warner CH, Bobo W, Warner C, Reid S, Rachal J. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. Am Fam Physician 2006;74(3):449-56.

Bipolar disorder

Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2004;38(5):280-305.
Bipolar affective disorder. A national clinical guideline. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; 2005 May.	[PDF]
The management of bipolar disorder in adults, children and adolescents, in primary and secondary care. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2006.	[URL]
Valproate - serum. In: RCPA manual [on-line]. 4th ed. Surry Hills: The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; 2004.
Allen MH, Hirschfeld RM, Wozniak PJ, Baker JD, Bowden CL. Linear relationship of valproate serum concentration to response and optimal serum levels for acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(2):272-5.
Bowden CL. Valproate. Bipolar Disord 2003;5(3):189-202.
Goodwin GM, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Grunze H, Kasper S, White R, et al. A pooled analysis of 2 placebo-controlled 18-month trials of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance in bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(3):432-41.
Levin R. Review of quetiapine for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Rockville: US Food and Drug Administration; 2008 May 2.
Post RM, Ketter TA, Uhde T, Ballenger JC. Thirty years of clinical experience with carbamazepine in the treatment of bipolar illness: principles and practice. CNS Drugs 2007;21(1):47-71.
Pyle DI, Mitchell PB. Maintenance treatments for bipolar disorders. Aust Prescr 2007;30(3):70-3.	[URL]
Smith LA, Cornelius V, Warnock A, Bell A, Young AH. Effectiveness of mood stabilizers and antipsychotics in the maintenance phase of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Bipolar Disord 2007;9(4):394-412.
Smith LA, Cornelius V, Warnock A, Tacchi MJ, Taylor D. Pharmacological interventions for acute bipolar mania: a systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord 2007;9(6):551-60.
Soares-Weiser K, Bravo Vergel Y, Beynon S, Dunn G, Barbieri M, Duffy S, et al. A systematic review and economic model of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions for preventing relapse in people with bipolar disorder. Health Technol Assess 2007;11(39):iii-iv, ix-206.
Tohen M, Greil W, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Yatham LN, Oerlinghausen BM, et al. Olanzapine versus lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162(7):1281-90.
Vieta E, Suppes T, Eggens I, Persson I, Paulsson B, Brecher M. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex for maintenance of patients with bipolar I disorder (international trial 126). J Affect Disord 2008;109(3):251-63.

Schizophrenia and related psychoses

Castle DJ, Copolov DL, Wykes T, Mueser K, editors. Pharmacological and Psychosocial Treatments in Schizophrenia. 2nd ed. London: Informa Healthcare; 2008.
Hirsch SR, Weinberger D, editors. Schizophrenia. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2003.

Introduction

Cosoff S, Hafner R. The prevalence of comorbid anxiety in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1998;32:67.
Jablensky AV, al. E. People living with psychotic illness: An Australian study 1997-8. 1999.
Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM. The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62(3):247-53.
Saha S, Chant D, Welham J, McGrath J. A systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med 2005;2(5):e141.

Principles of treatment

Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2005;39(1-2):1-30.
Harrison G, Croudace T, Mason P, Glazebrook C, Medley I. Predicting the long-term outcome of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1996;26(4):697-705.
Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, McGlashan TH, Miller AL, Perkins DO, et al. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161(2 Suppl):1-56.
Meyer JM. Strategies for the long-term treatment of schizophrenia: real-world lessons from the CATIE trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68 Suppl 1:28-33.
Robinson D, Woerner MG, Alvir JM, Bilder R, Goldman R, Geisler S, et al. Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56(3):241-7.

Stages of treatment

The clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of newer atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2002.	[URL]
Brown S. Excess mortality of schizophrenia. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:502-8.
Leucht S, Busch R, Hamann J, Kissling W, Kane JM. Early-onset hypothesis of antipsychotic drug action: a hypothesis tested, confirmed and extended. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57(12):1543-9.
Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 2005;353(12):1209-23.
McGorry PD, Killackey E, Yung AR. Early intervention in psychotic disorders: detection and treatment of the first episode and the critical early stages. Med J Aust 2007;187(7 Suppl):S8-10.

Treatment-resistant schizophrenia

Plasma levels. In: North Ryde, NSW: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Ltd. [Accessed: 7 August, 2008.] https://www.cpmsplus.com/
Chakos M, Lieberman J, Hoffman E, Bradford D, Sheitman B. Effectiveness of second-generation antipsychotics in patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(4):518-26.
Davies LM, Lewis S, Jones PB, Barnes TR, Gaughran F, Hayhurst K, et al. Cost-effectiveness of first- v. second-generation antipsychotic drugs: results from a randomised controlled trial in schizophrenia responding poorly to previous therapy. Br J Psychiatry 2007;191:14-22.
Taylor D, Paton C, Kerwin R. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines. 9th ed. London: Informa Healthcare; 2007.

Practical prescribing points

Weiden PJ. Discontinuing and switching antipsychotic medications: understanding the CATIE schizophrenia trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68 Suppl 1:12-9.

Behavioural emergencies

Mental Health - Emergency Care Interface Project 2004-2006. Melbourne: National Institute of Clinical Studies; 2006.
Violence: The short-term management of disturbed/violent behaviour in in-patient psychiatric settings and emergency departments. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2005 February.	[URL]
Castle D, Daniel J, Knott J, Fielding J, Goh J, Singh B. Development of clinical guidelines for the pharmacological management of behavioural disturbance and aggression in people with psychosis. Australas Psychiatry 2005;13(3):247-52.
Kao LW, Kirk MA, Evers SJ, Rosenfeld SH. Droperidol, QT prolongation, and sudden death: what is the evidence? Ann Emerg Med 2003;41(4):546-58.

Pharmacological treatment

Burridge N, editor. Australian Injectable Drugs Handbook. 3rd ed. Collingwood: The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia; 2005.
Jenner L, Spain D, Whyte I, Baker A, Carr V, Crilly J. Management of patients with psychostimulant toxicity: Guidelines for emergency departments. Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing; 2006.
Knott JC, Taylor DM, Castle DJ. Randomized clinical trial comparing intravenous midazolam and droperidol for sedation of the acutely agitated patient in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 2006;47(1):61-7.
Naso AR. Optimizing patient safety by preventing combined use of intramuscular olanzapine and parenteral benzodiazepines. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008;65(12):1180-3.
Scuderi PE. You (still) can't disprove the existence of dragons. Anesthesiology 2005;102(6):1081-2.
Spain D, Crilly J, Whyte I, Jenner L, Carr V, Baker A. Safety and effectiveness of high-dose midazolam for severe behavioural disturbance in an emergency department with suspected psychostimulant-affected patients. Emerg Med Australas 2008;20(2):112-20.

Delirium

Australian Society for Geriatric Medicine. Position statement no.13. Delirium in older people. Australasian Journal on Ageing 2006;25(2):104-8.
Michaud L, Bula C, Berney A, Camus V, Voellinger R, Stiefel F, et al. Delirium: guidelines for general hospitals. J Psychosom Res 2007;62(3):371-83.

Detection and diagnosis of delirium

Cole MG. Delirium in elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;12(1):7-21.
Siddiqi N, House AO, Holmes JD. Occurrence and outcome of delirium in medical in-patients: a systematic literature review. Age Ageing 2006;35(4):350-64.

Prevention of delirium

Clinical Epidemiology and Health Service Evaluation Unit Melbourne Health in collaboration with the Delirium Clinical Guidelines Expert Working Group. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of delirium in older people. Melbourne: Victorian Government Department of Human Services; 2006.	[PDF]
Young J, Inouye SK. Delirium in older people. BMJ 2007;334(7598):842-6.

Dementia

Blennow K, de Leon MJ, Zetterberg H. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 2006;368(9533):387-403.
Lyketsos CG, Colenda CC, Beck C, Blank K, Doraiswamy MP, Kalunian DA, et al. Position statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry regarding principles of care for patients with dementia resulting from Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2006;14(7):561-72.
O'Brien J, Burns A, Ames D, editors. Dementia. 3rd ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2005.
Overshott R, Burns A. Treatment of dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76 Suppl 5:v53-9.
Ritchie C, Ames D, Masters C, Cummings J, editors. Therapeutic strategies in dementia. 1st ed. Oxford: Clinical Publishing; 2006.
Schneeweiss S, Setoguchi S, Brookhart A, Dormuth C, Wang PS. Risk of death associated with the use of conventional versus atypical antipsychotic drugs among elderly patients. CMAJ 2007;176(5):627-32.

Diagnosis and features

Brodaty H, Pond D, Kemp NM, Luscombe G, Harding L, Berman K, et al. The GPCOG: a new screening test for dementia designed for general practice. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50(3):530-4.

Pharmacological management

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Risperidone (Risperdal) for behavioural disturbances in dementia. NPS Radar 2005.	[URL]
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Byrne GJ. Pharmacological treatment of behavioural problems in dementia. Aust Prescr 2005;28(3):67-71.	[URL]
Courtney C, Farrell D, Gray R, Hills R, Lynch L, Sellwood E, et al. Long-term donepezil treatment in 565 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD2000): randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2004;363(9427):2105-15.
Herrmann N, Lanctot KL. Atypical antipsychotics for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia: malignant or maligned? Drug Saf 2006;29(10):833-43.
Kaduszkiewicz H, Zimmermann T, Beck-Bornholdt HP, van den Bussche H. Cholinesterase inhibitors for patients with Alzheimer's disease: systematic review of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 2005;331(7512):321-7.
Schneider LS. AD2000: donepezil in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 2004;363(9427):2100-1.
Wang PS, Schneeweiss S, Avorn J, Fischer MA, Mogun H, Solomon DH, et al. Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med 2005;353(22):2335-41.

Substance use disorders

Alcohol abuse

The management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence in primary care. Edinburgh: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network; 2003 September.	[URL]
Naltrexone for the management of opioid dependence. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2007 June.
Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Cardone S, Vonghia L, Mirijello A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet 2007;370(9603):1915-22.
Bouza C, Angeles M, Munoz A, Amate JM. Efficacy and safety of naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a systematic review. Addiction 2004;99(7):811-28.
Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Bowden CL, DiClemente CC, Roache JD, Lawson K, et al. Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361(9370):1677-85.
Johnson BA, Roache JD, Javors MA, DiClemente CC, Cloninger CR, Prihoda TJ, et al. Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed alcoholic patients: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000;284(8):963-71.
Kiefer F, Jahn H, Tarnaske T, Helwig H, Briken P, Holzbach R, et al. Comparing and combining naltrexone and acamprosate in relapse prevention of alcoholism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(1):92-9.
Sullivan JT, Sykora K, Schneiderman J, Naranjo CA, Sellers EM. Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar). Br J Addict 1989;84(11):1353-7.
Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O'Brien CP. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49(11):876-80.

Opioid abuse

Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2007.
Martyres RF, Clode D, Burns JM. Seeking drugs or seeking help? Escalating "doctor shopping" by young heroin users before fatal overdose. Med J Aust 2004;180(5):211-4.

Cannabis

Henquet C, Krabbendam L, Spauwen J, Kaplan C, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, et al. Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people. BMJ 2005;330(7481):11.
Semple DM, McIntosh AM, Lawrie SM. Cannabis as a risk factor for psychosis: systematic review. J Psychopharmacol 2005;19(2):187-94.

Benzodiazepines

Guidelines Benzodiazepines. Melbourne: Royal Australian College of General Practitioners; 2000.	[URL]
Higgitt AC, Lader MH, Fonagy P. Clinical management of benzodiazepine dependence. BMJ 1985;291:688-90.
NHMRC. Guidelines for the prevention and management of benzodiazepine dependence. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 1991.

Stimulant abuse

Carroll KM, Fenton LR, Ball SA, Nich C, Frankforter TL, Shi J, et al. Efficacy of disulfiram and cognitive behavior therapy in cocaine-dependent outpatients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61(3):264-72.
Suh JJ, Pettinati HM, Kampman KM, O'Brien CP. The status of disulfiram: a half of a century later. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26(3):290-302.

gamma-hydroxybutyrate

Caldicott DG, Chow FY, Burns BJ, Felgate PD, Byard RW. Fatalities associated with the use of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and its analogues in Australasia. Med J Aust 2004;181(6):310-3.

Personality disorders

Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158(10 Suppl):1-52.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Text Revision ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press; 2000.
Binks CA, Fenton M, McCarthy L, Lee T, Adams CE, Duggan C. Pharmacological interventions for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(1):CD005653.
Binks CA, Fenton M, McCarthy L, Lee T, Adams CE, Duggan C. Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(1):CD005652.
Gunderson JG. Borderline personality disorder: a clinical guide. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2008.
Morana HC, Camara FP. International guidelines for the management of personality disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006;19(5):539-43.
Oldham JM. Borderline personality disorder and suicidality. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(1):20-6.
Verheul R, Herbrink M. The efficacy of various modalities of psychotherapy for personality disorders: a systematic review of the evidence and clinical recommendations. Int Rev Psychiatry 2007;19(1):25-38.

Eating disorders

Treatment of patients with eating disorders, third edition. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163(7 Suppl):4-54.
Treatment recommendations for patients with eating disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry 2006;163 (Supplement)(7):5-54.
Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Bulik CM. Outcomes of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord 2007;40(4):293-309.
Brownell KD, Fairburn C, editors. Eating disorders and obesity: a comprehensive handbook. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2005.
Fairburn C. Cognitive behaviour therapy and eating disorders. 1st ed. New York: Guilford Press; 2008.
Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG, Jr., Kessler RC. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61(3):348-58.
Mehler PS. Eating disorders. N Engl J Med 1999;341(8):614-5; author reply 5-6.
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Eating disorders: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2004.	[URL]
Treasure J, Smith G, Crane A. Skills-based Learning for Caring for a Loved One with an Eating Disorder.
The New Maudsley Method. Abingdon: Routledge; 2007.

Anorexia nervosa

Bulik CM, Berkman ND, Brownley KA, Sedway JA, Lohr KN. Anorexia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord 2007;40(4):310-20.
Claudino AM, Hay P, Lima MS, Bacaltchuk J, Schmidt U, Treasure J. Antidepressants for anorexia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006(1):CD004365.
Mehler PS. Osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa: prevention and treatment. Int J Eat Disord 2003;33(2):113-26.
Treasure J. Anorexia nervosa: A survival guide for families, friends and sufferers. Hove, UK: Psychology Press; 1997.
Treasure J, Schmidt U. Anorexia nervosa. Clin Evid 2005(13):1148-57.
Yager J, Andersen AE. Clinical practice. Anorexia nervosa. N Engl J Med 2005;353(14):1481-8.

Bulimea nervosa

Cooper PJ. Bulimia nervosa and binge eating. A guide to recovery. London: Robinson Press; 1993.
Fairburn CG, Agras WS, Walsh BT, Wilson GT, Stice E. Prediction of outcome in bulimia nervosa by early change in treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161(12):2322-4.
Grilo CM, Pagano ME, Skodol AE, Sanislow CA, McGlashan TH, Gunderson JG, et al. Natural course of bulimia nervosa and of eating disorder not otherwise specified: 5-year prospective study of remissions, relapses, and the effects of personality disorder psychopathology. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(5):738-46.
Hay PJ, Bacaltchuk J. Bulimia nervosa. Clin Evid 2006(15):1315-31.
Hay PJ, Bacaltchuk J, Stefano S. Psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa and binging. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004(3):CD000562.
Nickel C, Tritt K, Muehlbacher M, Pedrosa Gil F, Mitterlehner FO, Kaplan P, et al. Topiramate treatment in bulimia nervosa patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord 2005;38(4):295-300.
Schmidt U, Treasure J. Getting better bitE by bitE: A survival kit for sufferers of bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorders. Hove, UK: Psychology Press; 1993.
Shapiro JR, Berkman ND, Brownley KA, Sedway JA, Lohr KN, Bulik CM. Bulimia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord 2007;40(4):321-36.

Binge eating disorder

Brownley KA, Berkman ND, Sedway JA, Lohr KN, Bulik CM. Binge eating disorder treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord 2007;40(4):337-48.
Fairburn C. Overcoming binge eating. New York: Guildford Press; 1995.
McElroy SL, Hudson JI, Capece JA, Beyers K, Fisher AC, Rosenthal NR. Topiramate for the treatment of binge eating disorder associated with obesity: a placebo-controlled study. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61(9):1039-48.
Striegel-Moore RH, Franko DL. Epidemiology of binge eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2003;34 Suppl:S19-29.

Disorders usually first diagnosed in childhood and adolescence

Correll CU, Carlson HE. Endocrine and metabolic adverse effects of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45(7):771-91.
Green WH. Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychopharmacology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006.
Martin A, Scahill L, Charney DS, Leckman JF, editors. Pediatric Psychopharmacology. Principles and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2002.
Wigal T, Greenhill L, Chuang S, McGough J, Vitiello B, Skrobala A, et al. Safety and tolerability of methylphenidate in preschool children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45(11):1294-303.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - methylphenidate, atomoxetine and dexamfetamine (review): National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2006 March.	[URL]
Medication management for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The Royal Australasian College of Physicians; 2006 July.
Correll CU, Carlson HE. Endocrine and metabolic adverse effects of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45(7):771-91.
Greenhill L, Kollins S, Abikoff H, McCracken J, Riddle M, Swanson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of immediate-release methylphenidate treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45(11):1284-93.
Pliszka S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46(7):894-921.
Vetter VL, Elia J, Erickson C, Berger S, Blum N, Uzark K, et al. Cardiovascular monitoring of children and adolescents with heart disease receiving stimulant drugs: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young Congenital Cardiac Defects Committee and the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation 2008;117(18):2407-23.
Wang Y, Zheng Y, Du Y, Song DH, Shin YJ, Cho SC, et al. Atomoxetine versus methylphenidate in paediatric outpatients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind comparison trial. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2007;41(3):222-30.
Wernicke JF, Adler L, Spencer T, West SA, Allen AJ, Heiligenstein J, et al. Changes in symptoms and adverse events after discontinuation of atomoxetine in children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a prospective, placebo-controlled assessment. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24(1):30-5.
Wigal S, Gupta S, Greenhill L, Posner K, al. E. Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in preschoolers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2007;17(2):153-64.

Major depression in childhood and adolescence

Clinical guidance on the use of antidepressant medications in children and adolescents: The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners; 2005.
Depression in children and young people: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2005 September.	[URL]
Bridge JA, Iyengar S, Salary CB, Barbe RP, Birmaher B, Pincus HA, et al. Clinical response and risk for reported suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in pediatric antidepressant treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2007;297(15):1683-96.
Gibbons RD, Brown CH, Hur K, Marcus SM, Bhaumik DK, Erkens JA, et al. Early evidence on the effects of regulators' suicidality warnings on SSRI prescriptions and suicide in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(9):1356-63.
Goldney RD. Antidepressants and suicide in young people. Med J Aust 2007;187(10):586-7.
Goodyer I, Dubicka B, Wilkinson P, Kelvin R, Roberts C, Byford S, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and routine specialist care with and without cognitive behaviour therapy in adolescents with major depression: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007;335(7611):142.
Hazell P. Depression in adolescents. BMJ 2007;335(7611):106-7.

Tourette syndrome

Gilbert D. Treatment of children and adolescents with tics and Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol 2006;21(8):690-700.

Juvenile bipolar disorder

Cahill C, Hanstock T, Jairam R, Hazell P, Walter G, Malhi GS. Comparison of diagnostic guidelines for juvenile bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2007;41(6):479-84.

Disruptive behaviour disorders (including oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder)

Hazell PL, Stuart JE. A randomized controlled trial of clonidine added to psychostimulant medication for hyperactive and aggressive children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003;42(8):886-94.

Enuresis

Desmopressin and hyponatraemia. Aust Adv Drug Reactions Bull 2008;27(4).	[URL]
Information for healthcare professionals. Desmopressin Acetate (marketed as DDAVP Nasal Spray, DDAVP Rhinal Tube, DDAVP, DDVP, Minirin, and Stimate Spray) FDA Alert 2007;(4 Dec).	[URL]

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Gentile S. Prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder in pregnancy and breastfeeding: focus on emerging mood stabilizers. Bipolar Disord 2006;8(3):207-20.
Gentile S. The safety of newer antidepressants in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Drug Saf 2005;28(2):137-52.
Jain AE, Lacy T. Psychotropic drugs in pregnancy and lactation. J Psychiatr Pract 2005;11(3):177-91.
Kennedy D. Antipsychotic drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Aust Prescr 2007;30(6):162-3.	[URL]
Thormahlen GM. Paroxetine use during pregnancy: is it safe? Ann Pharmacother 2006;40(10):1834-7.

Pregnancy

Austin MP. To treat or not to treat: maternal depression, SSRI use in pregnancy and adverse neonatal effects. Psychol Med 2006;36(12):1663-70.
Benowitz N, Dempsey D. Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation during pregnancy. Nicotine Tob Res 2004;6 Suppl 2:S189-202.
Condon J. Serotonergic symptoms in neonates exposed to SSRIs during pregnancy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2003;37(6):777-8.
Einarson A, Pistelli A, DeSantis M, Malm H, Paulus WD, Panchaud A, et al. Evaluation of the risk of congenital cardiovascular defects associated with use of paroxetine during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165(6):749-52.
Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M. Prenatal depression effects on the fetus and newborn: a review. Infant Behav Dev 2006;29(3):445-55.
Gentile S. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced perinatal complications. Paediatr Drugs 2007;9(2):97-106.
Louik C, Lin AE, Werler MM, Hernandez-Diaz S, Mitchell AA. First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2007;356(26):2675-83.
Morales-Suarez-Varela MM, Bille C, Christensen K, Olsen J. Smoking habits, nicotine use, and congenital malformations. Obstet Gynecol 2006;107(1):51-7.
Mukherjee RA, Hollins S, Turk J. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: an overview. J R Soc Med 2006;99(6):298-302.
NDARC. Caffeine Fact Sheet. Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre.	[PDF]
Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Reprod Toxicol 2006;22(4):571-5.
Rayburn WF, Bogenschutz MP. Pharmacotherapy for pregnant women with addictions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191(6):1885-97.
Weng X, Odouli R, Li DK. Maternal caffeine consumption during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198(3):279 e1-8.
Whitehall JS. National guidelines on alcohol use during pregnancy: a dissenting opinion. Med J Aust 2007;186(1):35-7.

Breastfeeding

Gentile S, Rossi A, Bellantuono C. SSRIs during breastfeeding: spotlight on milk-to-plasma ratio. Arch Womens Ment Health 2007;10(2):39-51.
Jansson LM, Velez M, Harrow C. Methadone maintenance and lactation: a review of the literature and current management guidelines. J Hum Lact 2004;20(1):62-71.
Rubin ET, Lee A, Ito S. When breastfeeding mothers need CNS-acting drugs. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2004;11(2):e257-66.